LASIK Eye Surgery

• “The field of vitreoretinal disease and surgery has seen tremendous growth and innovation in recent years.”¹
• “In view of the latest advances, the present article highlights some of the current trends in vitreoretinal research that promise to be revolutionary in the coming decade.”

Researchers from Retina Service, Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; have presented an article titled: “Vitreoretinal disease in the coming decade.”

The researchers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, have also noted:

• “Pharmacologic vitreolysis may greatly impact the current approach to treatment of various vitreoretinopathies.”
• “New methods of drug delivery to the posterior segment either via nanoparticles or sustained-release intravitreal implants may supplant repetitive intravitreal injections.”
• “Gene therapy may become more common as the genetic basis of inherited retinal diseases is further elucidated.”
• “Stem-cell transplantation and the implantation of artificial retinal prostheses offer promise for long-term sight restoration.”
• “Based on recent advances in ongoing vitreoretinal research, the spectrum of treatable retinal disease is likely to expand significantly in the coming decade, with enormous public health impact, as well as significant changes in the practice patterns of retina specialists worldwide.”

(1) Chiang A, Haller JA: Vitreoretinal disease in the coming decade. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar 10; (Article in Press)

Tags: artificial retina artificial retinal prostheses current trends decade drug delivery elucidated expand significantly eye surgery further gene therapy genetic basis greatly impact implantation inherited innovation intravitreal implants latest advances long-term more common nanoparticles patterns Pennsylvania pharmacologic vitreolysis Philadelphia posterior segment practice public health impact recent years repetitive intravitreal injections Retina Service retina specialists retinal diseases sight restoration significant changes spectrum stem-cell transplantation sustained-release treatable retinal disease vitreoretinal disease vitreoretinal research vitreoretinopathies Wills Eye Institute

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The bilberry, a deep blue fruit, with anthocyanin pigments, has been utilized by traditional Chinese herbalists.

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• “Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU), a useful animal model of ocular inflammation, is induced by injection of lipopolysacharide (LPS).”¹

Researchers from the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou (Canton), Guangdong, China; have presented an article titled: “Protective Effects of Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extract against Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Mice.”

The researchers from Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou; have also noted:

• “These experiments showed that the nitric oxide (NO) level significantly increased in the whole eye homogenate of BALB/C mice 24 h after footpad injection of LPS at a dosage of 100 mg/mouse.”
• “However, the elevated NO level was significantly reduced by oral administration of bilberry extract (containing 42.04% anthocyanins) at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days before the LPS injection.”
• “In addition, bilberry extract decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) level, glutathione (GSH) level, vitamin C level, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities.”
• “Moreover, bilberry extract increased expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and GPx mRNA.”
• “Taken together, bilberry extract showed protective effects against EIU, whereas the effects of bilberry extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, 5 days) were dose-dependent.”
• “In conclusion, these results provide new evidence to elucidate the beneficial effects of bilberry extract on eye health.”

(1) Yao N, Lan F, He RR, Kurihara H: Protective Effects of Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extract against Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Mar 12; (Article in Press)

Tags: anthocyanin pigments anthocyanins antioxidant antioxidant activity beneficial effects bilberry bilberry extract blue Canton China copper copper-zinc superoxide dismutase CuZnSOD deep blue deep blue fruit dose-dependent elevated NO level endotoxin-induced uveitis eye health eye inflammation footpad injection glutathione glutathione peroxidase GPx mRNA Guangdong Guangzhou increased inflammation injection Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products Jinan University lipopolysacharide malondialdehyde manganese manganese superoxide dismutase MnSOD new evidence nitric oxide nitric oxide levels ocular inflammation oral administration oxygen radical absorbance capacity protectie protective effects reduced significantly superoxide dismutase traditional Chinese herbalists Vaccinium myrtillus L vitamin C whole eye whole eye homogenate zinc

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• “A 17-year-old male was found to have a fourth cranial nerve palsy and chronic papilloedema following his presentation to our institution with a 6-week history of blurred vision in both eyes and vertical binocular diplopia.”¹

Researchers from Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, England, United Kingdom; have presented an article titled: “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and treatment masking the ophthalmic clinical presentation of a pineal gland tumour in a teenager.”

The researchers from Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trus; have also noted:

• “A diagnosis of pineal germinoma was made following imaging studies and endoscopic neurosurgical biopsy of the tumour.”
• “He was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 3 years earlier and treated with amphetamines.”
• “Since this diagnosis, he continued to suffer from hyperactive behaviour, poor concentration, worsening headaches and insomnia.”
• “Pineal pathology has a known association with sleep disturbance through the disturbance of melatonin synthesis and/or metabolism.”
• “This case report serves to highlight how the presence of organic brain disease presenting to an eye department can be masked by a diagnosis of ADHD.”

(1) Cunniffe G, Murthy R, Beigi B: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and treatment masking the ophthalmic clinical presentation of a pineal gland tumour in a teenager. Int Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar 12; (Article in Press)

Tags: 17-year-old 6-week adhd amphetamines attention deficit hyperactivity disorder binocular diplopia blurred blurred vision both eyes chronic clinical presentation diagnosis disturbance endoscopic England eye department fourth cranial nerve palsy headaches hyperactive behaviour hyperactivity imaging insomnia masking melatonin melatonin synthesis metabolism neurosurgical biopsy Norfolk Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust Norwich Norwich University Norwich University Hospital ophthalmic organic brain disease papilloedema pineal germinoma pineal gland pineal gland tumour pineal pathology poor concentration sleep disturbance studies teenager treatment tumour United Kingdom vertical worsening

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• “Much progress has been achieved in the field of nanotechnology and its applications in ophthalmology.”¹
• “It is evident that drug delivery, gene therapy, implantable devices and regenerative medicine are some of the key areas of active research.”

Researchers from Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; NASA Ames Research Center, Center for Nanotechnology, Moffett Field, California; and Ocular Surface Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; have presented an article titled: “Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Ophthalmology - Part I.”

The researchers from Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; NASA Ames Research Center, Center for Nanotechnology, Moffett Field, California; and Ocular Surface Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; have also noted:

• “To the best of our knowledge, there is limited review work on this subject area in the current literature.”
• “To assist the interested clinicians and scientists, this bipartite commentary will focus the discussion on emerging researches in nano-ophthalmology and other enabling technologies that soon may be available in the clinician’s armamentarium to maintain and restore eye sight.”
• “This installment will focus on recent discoveries in drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging and visual prostheses; the second installment will discuss the impact of nanotechnology on artificial environment, cell-nanostructure interaction, other enabling nano-ophthalmic technologies, and safety and biocompatibility of nanostructures.”
• “We will take this opportunity to introduce some exciting nano-ophthalmic applications under investigation in our laboratory.”
• “The accomplishments by the scientific community are tremendous and the future prospects are wide open.”

(1) Nguyen P, Meyyappan M, Yiu SC: Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Ophthalmology - Part I. Ophthalmic Res. 2010 Feb 3;44(1):1-16; (Article in Press)

Tags: artificial environment biocompatibility bipartite California cell-nanostructure interaction Center for Nanotechnology Department of Ophthalmology Doheny Eye Institute drug delivery eye sight gene therapy imaging implantable devices Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles Moffett Field nano-ophthalmic applications nano-ophthalmic technologies nano-ophthalmology nanobiotechnology nanoparticles nanostructures nanotechnology NASA Ames Research Center Ocular Surface Center ophthalmology regenerative medicine safety University of Southern California visual prostheses

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• “Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 60 with a prevalence that continues to rise, particularly in industrialized nations.”¹

Researchers from Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Retina Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; have presented an article titled: “Age-related macular degeneration: Current and novel therapies.”

The researchers University of California, Los Angeles, have also noted:

• “Although treatments for AMD were once limited, with disappointing clinical results, new treatments have emerged for both the nonexudative and exudative forms of the disease, which have improved prognostic outcomes.”
• “These treatments include nutritional supplementation, antioxidant prophylaxis, and intravitreal injection of medications that inhibit aberrant vascular proliferation.”
• “This review serves as a summary of the current and experimental therapies for both exudative and nonexudative AMD.”
• “Although a number of challenges and clinical questions remain, the future of treating AMD appears promising particularly as we gain further insights into the genetic and biochemical pathways of the disease.”

(1) Prasad PS, Schwartz SD, Hubschman JP: Age-related macular degeneration: Current and novel therapies. Maturitas. 2010 Mar 8; (Article in Press)

Tags: aberrant age-related macular degeneration antioxidant prophylaxis antioxidants biochemical pathways California challenges clinical clinical results current current therapy David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Department of Ophthalmology disappointing experimental therapy exudative exudative AMD forms of the disease future genetic pathway genetic therapy improved industrialized nations inhibit intravitreal injection Jules Stein Eye Institute leading cause Los Angeles medications new treatments nonexudative nonexudative AMD novel therapies nutritional supplementation nutritional supplements over the age of 60 prevalence prognostic outcomes proliferation promising questions Retina Division treating AMD USA vascular proliferation vision loss

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• “Aspirin has been extensively used in clinical settings.”¹

Researchers from Center for Hearing and Deafness, SUNY at Buffalo, in Buffalo, New York; have presented an article titled: “Too much of a good thing: Long-term treatment with salicylate strengthens outer hair cell function but impairs auditory neural activity.”

The researchers from Center for Hearing and Deafness, SUNY at Buffalo, in Buffalo, New York; have also noted:

• “Its side effects on auditory function, including hearing loss and tinnitus, are considered as temporary.”
• “A recent promising finding is that chronic treatment with high-dose salicylate (the active ingredient of aspirin) for several weeks enhances expression of the outer hair cell (OHC) motor protein (prestin), resulting in strengthened OHC electromotility and enhanced distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE).”
• “To follow up on these observations, we carried out two studies, one planned study of age-related hearing loss restoration and a second unrelated study of salicylate-induced tinnitus.”
• “Rats of different strains and ages were injected with salicylate at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days per week for 3 weeks or at higher dose levels (250-350 mg/kg/day) for 4 days per week for 2 weeks.”
• “Unexpectedly, while an enhanced or sustained DPOAE was seen, permanent reductions in the amplitude of the cochlear compound action potential (CAP) and the auditory brainstem response (ABR) were often observed after the chronic salicylate treatment.”
• “The mechanisms underlying these unexpected, permanent salicylate-induced reductions in neural activity are discussed.”

(1) Chen GD, Kermany MH, D’Elia A, Ralli M, Tanaka C, Bielefeld EC, Ding D, Henderson D, Salvi R: Too much of a good thing: Long-term treatment with salicylate strengthens outer hair cell function but impairs auditory neural activity. Hear Res. 2010 Mar 6; (Article in Press)

Tags: active ingredient age-related hearing loss aged aging amplitude aspirin aspirin-induced reductions auditory auditory brainstem response auditory function Buffalo Center for Hearing and Deafness chronic aspirin treatment chronic salicylate treatment chronic treatment clinical settings cochlear compound action potential deafness distortion product DPOAE electromotility enhanced enhances expression extensively used good thing hair cell hearing hearing loss high dose aspirin high-dose salicylate higher dose levels impairs injected long-term mechanisms motor protein neural activity New York otoacoustic emissions outer hair cell outer hair cell function permanent permanent reductions prestin promising finding restoration salicylate salicylate-induced reductions salicylate-induced tinnitus several weeks side effects strengthened strengthens SUNY at Buffalo sustained tinnitus too much too much of a good thing treatment two studies unexpected unexpectedly

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• “To compare the change in higher order aberrations (HOAs) after LASIK and laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).”¹

Researchers from the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; Cathedral Eye Clinic, Belfast, Northern Ireland; and the Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland; have presented an article titled: “Comparison of higher order aberrations after LASIK and LASEK for myopia.”

The researchers from Coleraine and Belfast have concluded:

• “Wavefront-guided LASIK and LASEK caused increases in spherical aberration, with LASIK additionally causing increases in two fourth order HOAs and LASEK additionally causing increases to two fifth order HOAs.”
• “As the same laser treatment was applied, it is presumed that the differences relate to the method of flap creation.”

The researchers from Coleraine and Belfast have also noted:

• “This prospective comparative study measured HOAs preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in 65 eyes (41 patients) that underwent LASIK and 65 eyes (50 patients) that underwent LASEK.”
• “Preoperative refraction was limited to myopia up to -5.00 diopters (D) and astigmatism <or=-0.75 D.”
• “All procedures were wavefront-guided using the VISX S4 Star excimer laser (Abbott Medical Optics).”
• “Laser in situ keratomileusis flap creation was performed with a Moria ONE Use-Plus disposable microkeratome creating a nasal hinge.”
• “Laser epithelial keratomileusis flap creation was performed with 18% v/v unpreserved ethanol instilled for 40 seconds.”
• “The epithelium was displaced with an epi-peeler, creating a 6- to 8-mm superior hinge.”
• “Higher order aberrations were measured with the NIDEK OPD-Scan II.”
• “Statistically significant (P<.05) changes in five Zernike polynomial terms following LASIK (Z^-4₄, Z⁰₄, Z⁴₄, Z^-3₅, Z⁰₆) were noted.”
• “There was a decrease in Zernike term Z^-3₅ and increases in the remaining four Zernike terms.”
• “Statistically significant changes in five Zernike polynomial terms following LASEK (Z^-1₃, Z⁰₄, Z^-5₅, Z^-1₅, Z⁰₆) were noted.”
• “There was a decrease in Zernike term Z^-1₃ and increases in the remaining four Zernike terms.”

(1) McAlinden C, Moore JE: Comparison of higher order aberrations after LASIK and LASEK for myopia. J Refract Surg. 2010 Jan;26(1):45-51. doi: 10.3928/1081597X-20101215-07.

Tags: epi-peeler excimer laser HOAs microkeratome wavefront guided LASEK wavefront guided LASIK

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• “Deep amblyopia is a recognized cause of monocular visual deficit in children with a high rate of poor compliance with conventional occlusion therapy.”¹

Researchers from Saudi Arabia; have presented an article titled: “Silicone-Eyelid Closure to Improve Vision in Deeply Amblyopic Eyes.”

The researchers from Saudi Arabia; have also noted:

• “This study evaluates a new occlusion technique that can be used for children with failed amblyopia treatment.”
• “… surgical silicone-eyelid closure was done for 15 children (age: 4 to 6 years; median age: 5.2 years) with a history of deep amblyopia and poor compliance with occlusion methods.”
• “In this technique, the good eye was closed by passing one limb of a double armed 5-0 polypropylene suture from one eyelid margin through a silicone sleeve and through the corresponding eyelid margin.”
• “The other polypropylene limb was passed behind the silicone sleeve and then through the opposite eyelid margin to form a barrier between the sleeve and the cornea.”
• “After 2 to 4 weeks, the suture was cut and the silicone sleeve was removed.”
• “Preoperative visual acuity ranged between counting fingers at 1 meter and counting fingers at 4 meters.”
• “Following eyelid closure, visual acuity was improved to between 20/40 and 20/200 for 12 patients, whereas three patients did not improve.”
• “Complications were seen in 8 patients: marginal eyelid irritation and erythema in 6 and suture break in 2.”
• “Silicone-eyelid closure can be used safely and effectively for management of deep amblyopia.”
• “This technique affords a good option to restore vision in a deeply amblyopic eye and grants the child a lifetime of useful vision.”

(1) Hakim OM, El-Hag YG, Samir A: Silicone-Eyelid Closure to Improve Vision in Deeply Amblyopic Eyes. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010 Feb 26:1-6. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20100218-05; (Article in Press)

Tags: 5-0 polypropylene suture amblyopia amblyopia surgery amblyopia treatment broken suture children closed complications conventional cornea corresponding corresponding eyelid deep amblyopia deeply amblyopic eye double armed erythema eyelid closure eyelid irritation eyelid margin failed form a barrier good eye high rate irritation lifetime management monocular visual deficit new occlusion occlusion occlusion methods occlusion technique occlusion therapy one limb opposite eyelid opposite eyelid margin passed behind polypropene suture polypropylene limb polypropylene suture poor compliance PP suture recognized cause restore vision silicone sleeve silicone-eyelid silicone-eyelid closure sleeve surgical silicone-eyelid closure suture break useful vision

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• “Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is an acquired hyperelasticity disorder affecting the upper eyelid.”¹
• “The tarsal plate becomes hyperelastic with a loss of intrinsic rigidity.”
• “As a result, the eyelid is subjected to cyclic mechanical stress.”
• “This condition was used as a model to investigate changes in dynamic fibroblast contractility in the context of chronic cyclic mechanical stress.”

Researchers from Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; have presented an article titled: “Changes in fibroblast mechanostat set point and mechano-sensitivity suggest an adaptive response to mechanical stress in Floppy Eyelid Syndrome.”

The researchers from London have concluded:

• “We propose that these changes represent an adaptive response that allows tensional homeostasis to be maintained at the high levels of tissue stress experienced in FES.”
• “Gene expression studies point to a role for V-CAM1 and PPP1R3C in mediating changes in the dynamic range of mechanosensitivity of TFs.”
• “This work identifies FES as a useful model to study adaptive physiological responses to mechanical stress.”

The researchers from London have also noted:

• “Contractile efficiency was investigated using a free floating 3 dimensional collagen matrix model.”
• “Intrinsic cellular force measurements and responses to changes in gel tension were explored using a tensioning culture force monitor (t-CFM).”
• “Gene expression differences between cell lines exhibiting differences in contractile phenotype were explored using a genome level microarray platform and RT-PCR.”
• “FES Tarsal plate fibroblasts (TFs) showed an increased contractile efficiency compared to control cells and t-CFM measurements confirmed a higher intrinsic cellular force at plateau levels.”
• “Cyclic stretch/relaxation experiments determined that TFs in FES maintained a functional tensional homeostasis response but with an altered sensitivity, operating around a higher mechanostat set point.”
• “Gene expression array and RT-PCR analysis identified V-CAM1 and PPP1R3C as being upregulated in FES TFs.”

(1) Ezra DG, Ellis JS, Beaconsfield M, Collin R, Bailly M: Changes in fibroblast mechanostat set point and mechano-sensitivity suggest an adaptive response to mechanical stress in Floppy Eyelid Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Mar 10; (Article in Press)

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Researchers from the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, have presented an article titled “Sleep disorders and the eye.” …

Sleep apnea. “… has been associated with a variety of eye diseases, including glaucoma, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, floppy eyelid syndrome, papilledema, and continuous positive airway pressure-associated eye complications.”

 

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Mayo Clinic researchers have reported associations between sleep disorders and diseases of the eye; including:

“Floppy eyelid syndrome: This disorder causes eyelids to evert (turn inside-out) spontaneously during sleep, resulting in excessive watering, stickiness, discomfort and blurred vision. While not a serious medical problem, this syndrome can signal that a person also has OSA, which can […]

 

Sleep apnea. Floppy eyelid syndrome. Glaucoma. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Papilledema.

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Sleep apnea has been associated with several ocular conditions: Sleep Apnea Associated with Eye Disorders. Floppy Eyelid Syndrome, Optic Neuropathy, Glaucoma, Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Papilledema Secondary to Raised Intracranial Pressure …

 

Sleep apnea. Molecular pathways. “… protect the endoplasmic reticula of cells, then sleep apnea won’t be such an insult, not only to motor neurons, but neurons involved in cognition and alertness.”

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T T Pham and J D Perry at the Cole Eye Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, have reported that floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) may be associated with body mass index (BMI) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA, OSAS) …

 

Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with BMI and Sleep Apnea

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Researchers at the Cornea and Contact Lens Research Clinic, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, have written about obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA, OSAS) patients using continuous positive airflow pressure (CPAP) machines ROUTINELY complaining of dry eyes and dryness of the nose …

 

Sleep Apnea and the Eyes. Patients using CPAP complain of dry eyes and dry noses. Bacterial conjunctivitis. Recurring corneal ulcers. Vascularized limbal keratitis. Anterior segment complications.

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Should patients presenting with ocular disorders such as Floppy Eye Syndrome be routinely referred to Sleep Physicians for investigation and treatment of Sleep Apnea?
And should otorhinolaryngologists and other physicians who treat Sleep Disorders routinely refer Sleep Apnea patients to ophthalmologists? …
Sleep Apnea Associated with Eye Disorders. Floppy Eyelid Syndrome, Optic Neuropathy, Glaucoma, Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Papilledema Secondary to Raised Intracranial Pressure.

Tags: 3 dimensional acquired adaptive adaptive response altered sensitivity blurred vision body mass index chronic cyclic mechanical stress collagen collagen matrix model continuous positive airway pressure-associated contractile efficiency contractile phenotype cyclic cyclic mechanical stress discomfort dryness of the nose dynamic fibroblast contractility dynamic range elasticity elasticity disorder England excessive watering eye complications eyelid fibroblast fibroblast mechanostat set point floppy eyelid syndrome free floating gel tension gene expression genome level glaucoma high levels hyperelastic hyperelasticity disorder intracranial pressure intrinsic cellular force intrinsic rigidity London mechanical stress mechano-sensitivity mechanosensitivity mechanostat microarray platform molecular Moorfields Eye Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy papilledema physiological responses plateau PPP1R3C rigidity RT-PCR sleep apnea stickiness stretch-relaxation t-CFM tarsal plate tarsal plate fibroblasts tensional homeostasi tensioning culture force monitor tissue stress UCL Institute of Ophthalmology United Kingdom University College London upper eyelid V-CAM1

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ISTA Pharmaceuticals Inc has reported that “… the Company’s supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for once-daily XiDay™ (bromfenac ophthalmic solution) has been accepted for review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).  The FDA has granted XiDay a standard review time of ten months, assigning ISTA a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) action date of October 16, 2010.  ISTA’s request for a shorter, six-month priority review is still under consideration by the FDA.”

More from a Release dated March 8, sourced from ISTA Pharmaceuticals Inc:
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Tags: allergy anti-inflammatory bromfenac bromfenac ophthalmic solution compound dry eye eye drop formulation eye drops glaucoma inflammation ISTA Pharmaceuticals Inc molecule non-steroidal ocular inflammation ocular pain once-daily ophthalmic pain pain following cataract surgery Senju Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd sNDA supplemental New Drug Application treatment

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